Номер 4, страница 113, часть 2 - гдз по английскому языку 8 класс учебник Демченко, Севрюкова

4. a. Work in pairs. Write three facts about the history of books.

b. Read the extract from “Kids Encyclopaedia Facts”. Are any of your facts mentioned in it?

Before the book, as we know it, texts were recorded onto clay tablets and papyrus ['pə'paɪrəs] scrolls. The earliest writing system dates back to 3400 BC and was developed by the ancient culture of Sumer ['suːmə], in the region of modern-day Iraq.

The Romans were the first people to put several manuscripts between covers. It happened around the 2^nd century AD. Such books were more convenient to use and store than scrolls. But they still had to be copied by hand.

Around 650 AD the Chinese started printing with the help of wooden blocks: shapes were carved out of a block of wood, covered with ink (чернила / чарніла) and pressed onto the paper. It took a lot of time to make books using this method, so very few people could afford to have them.

In Europe, the bookmaking process was also long because all books were copied by hand and it made them rare and expensive. A book, it was said, was worth as much as a farm. No wonder books in medieval libraries were kept under lock and key and were often chained (прикованы цепью / замацаваны ланцугом) to a desk or a bookshelf so that nobody could steal them.

Did you know that ...

Hereford Cathedral Library, England, is well known for its chained books (about 1,500 of them) that have been kept there since 1611.

In the 1450s Gutenberg ['guːtənbɜːg] came up with the idea of a machine for printing: the printing press. The press could make a few thousand pages a day and it started the printing revolution. For the first time in the history of Europe, books could be bought by the middle class. Knowledge and education spread throughout the continent like never before.

Bigger and much faster presses appeared during the industrial revolution in the 19^th century. It also brought a new way of making paper from wood pulp (древесной массы / драўнянай масы). These two factors made books cheaper and it meant that common people (простые люди / простыя людзі) could afford to buy them. The appearance of public libraries and free education helped people to access ['ækses] information and increased (made bigger) the number of literate (грамотных / адукаваных) people. Books became more popular and accessible.

Digital ['dɪdʒɪtəl] (цифровая / лічбавая) printing has opened up a new opportunity: to print books only after an order is received from a customer. In the 2000s, the e-book was created. The term e-book is a short form of “electronic book”. E-books can be read on a computer, a tablet, an e-book reader or even a mobile phone.

to predict (v.) – prediction (n.) – predictable (adj.)

According to some predictions, in the future books will become interactive, moving, “alive”. They will be able to change depending on where you are and what you are feeling. You will be able to smell and taste different flavours, too. Others predict that printed books will become extinct (выпрут, выйдут из употребления / выйдзіць з ужытку). Which predictions do you think will come true?

c. Work in pairs. Explain the words in bold. Check with the teacher.

d. What does the text say about the following?

Clay tablets / papyrus; Sumer; the Romans; woodblock printing; Gutenberg; the 1450s; the 19^th century; common people; public libraries; e-book; the predictions about the future.

4. d. Что в тексте говорится о следующем?

Глиняные таблички / папирус; Шумер; римляне; ксилография; Гутенберг; 1450-е годы; XIX век; простые люди; публичные библиотеки; электронная книга; предсказания о будущем.

Ответ:

Clay tablets / papyrus: Before books, texts were recorded on clay tablets and papyrus scrolls.

Sumer: The earliest writing system was developed by the ancient culture of Sumer around 3400 BC.

The Romans: They were the first to put several manuscripts between covers around the 2nd century AD.

Woodblock printing: Around 650 AD, the Chinese started printing with the help of wooden blocks.

Gutenberg: In the 1450s, he came up with the idea of a printing press.

The 1450s: In this decade, the printing press was invented, starting the printing revolution.

The 19th century: During the industrial revolution, bigger and faster presses appeared, and a new way of making paper from wood pulp made books cheaper.

Common people: As books became cheaper in the 19th century, common people could afford to buy them.

Public libraries: Their appearance helped people to access information and increased the number of literate people.

E-book: Created in the 2000s, it is a short form of “electronic book” that can be read on various digital devices.

The predictions about the future: Some predict books will become interactive and “alive”. Others predict printed books will become extinct.

Перевод:

Глиняные таблички / папирус: До появления книг тексты записывались на глиняных табличках и папирусных свитках.

Шумер: Древнейшая система письменности была разработана древней культурой Шумера около 3400 года до н.э.

Римляне: Они были первыми, кто поместил несколько рукописей между обложками примерно во II веке н.э.

Ксилография: Около 650 года н.э. китайцы начали печатать с помощью деревянных досок.

Гутенберг: В 1450-х годах он придумал идею печатного станка.

1450-е годы: В это десятилетие был изобретен печатный станок, положивший начало книгопечатной революции.

XIX век: Во время промышленной революции появились более крупные и быстрые печатные станки, а новый способ изготовления бумаги из древесной массы сделал книги дешевле.

Простые люди: Поскольку в XIX веке книги стали дешевле, простые люди могли позволить себе их покупать.

Публичные библиотеки: Их появление помогло людям получить доступ к информации и увеличило число грамотных людей.

Электронная книга: Создана в 2000-х годах, это сокращенная форма от «электронной книги», которую можно читать на различных цифровых устройствах.

Предсказания о будущем: Некоторые предсказывают, что книги станут интерактивными и «живыми». Другие предсказывают, что печатные книги вымрут.