Номер 2, страница 88, часть 1 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Демченко, Бушуева

2. a. Listen and read about the history of pollution, part by part. Write a title for each paragraph. Compare with the rest of the class.

1. Pollution is not a new phenomenon. Years ago, active volcanoes were throwing lava that blackened the skies, and decaying marshes were polluting the Earth. But in the past, without numerous people contaminating land, water and air, nature had time to adapt and develop a self-cleansing [klenzɪŋ] (самоочищающаяся / самаочышчальная) atmosphere that helped plants and animals to survive and evolve.

Evolve [ɪˈvɒlv] (v. intrans.) – when a type of plant or animal evolves, its physical form changes over a long period of time; evolution [ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n] – (n. uncont.) – the scientific theory according to which types of plant and animal change gradually over long periods of time.

2. In ancient Rome, streets were filled with sewage that emptied into the Tiber River, spreading waterborne diseases such as typhoid ['taɪfɔɪd] and cholera ['kɒlərə]. During the Middle Ages, these diseases, as well as bubonic plague¹, carried by rats and spread by fleas (блохи / блыхі), broke out across Europe. These epidemics were directly related to unsanitary conditions caused by human and animal waste and garbage. But it was only in the late 1850s, after an outbreak of cholera in London in 1854, when a sewerage system was built. It became a model for modern sanitation in the entire world.

Sewage ['suːɪdʒ] (n. uncont.) – waste substances, especially waste from people’s bodies, removed from houses and other buildings by a system of large underground pipes called sewers. Break out (broke, broken) (v. phr.) – if something bad such as a war or disease breaks out, it starts; Outbreak ['aʊtˌbreɪk] (n. uncont.) – the sudden start of a war, disease, violence, etc. Unsanitary conditions [kənˈdɪʃ(ə)nz] – the state of a place when it is so dirty that you might catch diseases by going there. Waste [weɪst] (n. uncont.) – the useless materials, substances, or parts that are left after you use something; human waste = subsatnces that your body gets rid of when you go to the toilet. Garbage ['gɑːrbɪdʒ] (n. uncont.) – mainly American, rubbish that is to be thrown away. Sewerage ['suːərɪdʒ] (n. uncont.) – a system of pipes and passages that carry sewage.

3. Improved sanitary conditions and less disease were important factors in making cities healthier places to live, but industrialised cities across Europe and the United States were experiencing a new kind of pollution: waste from industries and factories, dumped mostly into rivers, lakes, and seas. Water pollution continued in the 20th century. Dumping oil, chemicals ['kemɪk(ə)lz] and other industrial and human waste into rivers and lakes contaminated them and destroyed freshwater (пресноводные / прэснаводныя) ecosystems around the world.

4. Humans started to pollute the air when they first learnt to use fire, but air pollution didn’t become a problem until the dawn¹ of the Industrial Age, when the greater use of fossil fuels began to pollute the air. The burning of fossil fuels released pollutants, including carbon monoxide [mə'nɒksaɪd], sulfur oxides [,sʌlfə 'ɒksaɪdz], ozone ['əʊzəʊn] and nitrogen oxides [,naɪtrədʒ(ə)n 'ɒksaɪdz]. Polluted air, or smog, lead to health problems, causing pneumonia, bronchitis and worsening the existing heart problems.

Fossil fuel ['fɒsl ˌfjuːəl] (n. count. / uncont.) – a fuel such as coal or oil that was formed millions of years ago. Release [rɪˈliːs] (v. trans.) – to stop holding something so that it goes up into the air. Particulates [pɑː'tɪkjʊləts] (n. pl.) (science) – extremely small particles ['pɑːtɪklz] of a substance or substances, especially those that cause air pollution.

b. Look through the texts again, read the definitions of the words in bold and guess their meaning. Check with the class.

c. Compete in reading the words in bold 1. with transcription; 2. without transcription.

d. Pay attention to the words, underlined in the text, and answer the questions:

1. What parts of speech are they?

2. What is their function in the sentences?

3. What parts of speech do we use to translate them?

e. Read the rule on page 167 / 185 to check your answers.

d. Обратите внимание на подчеркнутые в тексте слова и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Какие это части речи?

2. Какова их функция в предложениях?

3. Какие части речи мы используем для их перевода?

Ответ:

Перевод: