Номер 2, страница 23, часть 2 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Демченко, Бушуева

2. a. Here are some statements of other people who tried to answer the question in ex. 1a. Are the statements below deductions (they are almost sure) or speculations (they think it is possible)?

1. Such a large number of “self” words in American English makes me think that Americans might like themselves a lot.

2. In the dictionary at wiktionary.org, there are 109 entries in the category English words prefixed with self-.

3. Over a hundred words with self- might have made their way into the language to reflect the Americans’ attitude to individual success through self-improvement.

4. Any people with the focus on an individual must have a lot of “self” words in their language.

5. Over a hundred English self- words couldn’t have made it into the language in one day.

b. Match the meaning with the grammar structures. Use the sentences in ex. 2a to help.

c. Answer the questions.

1. Which non-fact sentences in ex. 2a refer to the present? What goes after the modals of deductions / speculations?

2. Which non-fact sentences in ex. 2a refer to the past? What goes after the modals of deductions / speculations?

3. Which non-fact sentences in ex. 2a mean that we are sure something didn’t happen in the past?

4. In whose mind – the speaker’s or reader’s – does the modality happen? Is it objective or subjective?

5. Does the modality refer to the moment of speaking or is it true at all times?

d. After modal verbs we use the infinitive form of the verb. Look at the situations below. What is the difference between the patterns modal verb + V and modal verb + V_ed / V₃?

I am waiting for Katie with another friend, Rick. He is almost sure Katie is on the bus now.

I ask: “Where is Katie?” Rick guesses:

1. She must be on the bus. 2. She might come soon. 3. She could be lost. 4. She may be looking for us in the wrong room. 5. She can’t be at home.

Rick and I speak about yesterday.

I ask: “Where was Katie last night?” Rick guesses:

6. She must have forgotten about our date. 7. She might have worked late. 8. She could have taken the wrong bus. 9. She may have felt ill. 10. She couldn’t have stayed at home.

e. Go to p. 184 / 211 and check your ideas.

c. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Какие предложения, не являющиеся фактами, в упр. 2a относятся к настоящему времени? Что идет после модальных глаголов для выводов / предположений?

2. Какие предложения, не являющиеся фактами, в упр. 2a относятся к прошлому? Что идет после модальных глаголов для выводов / предположений?

3. Какие предложения, не являющиеся фактами, в упр. 2a означают, что мы уверены, что что-то не произошло в прошлом?

4. В чьем сознании — говорящего или читающего — происходит модальность? Она объективна или субъективна?

5. Относится ли модальность к моменту речи или она верна во все времена?

Ответ:

1. Sentences 1 (Americans might like themselves a lot) and 4 (Any people with the focus on an individual must have a lot of “self” words...) refer to the present. The infinitive form of the verb goes after the modals.

2. Sentences 3 (...words with self- might have made their way...) and 5 (...self- words couldn’t have made it...) refer to the past. The perfect infinitive (have + past participle) goes after the modals.

3. Sentence 5 (Over a hundred English self- words couldn’t have made it into the language in one day) means we are sure something didn't happen in the past.

4. The modality happens in the speaker's mind. It is subjective.

5. The modality refers to the moment of speaking.

Перевод:

1. Предложения 1 (Американцы, возможно, очень любят себя) и 4 (Любой народ, сосредоточенный на индивиде, должен иметь много слов с “self”...) относятся к настоящему. После модальных глаголов идет инфинитив глагола.

2. Предложения 3 (...слова с self-, возможно, вошли в язык...) и 5 (...слова с self- не могли появиться...) относятся к прошлому. После модальных глаголов идет перфектный инфинитив (have + причастие прошедшего времени).

3. Предложение 5 (Более ста английских слов с self- не могли появиться в языке за один день) означает, что мы уверены, что что-то не произошло в прошлом.

4. Модальность происходит в сознании говорящего. Она субъективна.

5. Модальность относится к моменту речи.