номер 2, страница 14, часть 1 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Демченко, Бушуева

2. a. You are going to read the article about Belarusian families in the 19^th century. Which of the points below do you think it will describe?

1. How new families were formed; 2. the age to get married;

3. wedding traditions; 4. valuable qualities; 5. types of families;

6. the size of the family; 7. men's and women's duties;

8. relations between children and parents; 9. family budget.

In the 19^th century, more than 80% of Belarusian families lived in rural areas. Traditionally, marriage was a matter of love between two young people, but custom also required the agreement of the families involved. Families didn't hurry to marry off their sons. They tried first to build their son a house and save up a certain sum of money before he could afford to marry. If there were several daughters in the family, the younger daughter couldn't marry before the elder one. Daughters enjoyed more freedom and had many opportunities to meet young men. Several times a year there were public gatherings in a larger village or town. The young couple usually had to live with the husband's family. The most important qualities of a woman were her ability to be a good field worker and a housekeeper. Personal beauty and wealth were of secondary importance. To provide for the woman and family, the man had to be a skilful and hard worker himself. Autumn and spring were the most popular time for weddings that were celebrated in both houses and expenses were shared. People rarely divorced at that time: according to statistics, there were only 7 divorces per 10,000 marriages.

In the middle of the 19^th century, families consisting of 6–10 people made up the majority. Nuclear families were more characteristic of urban population, while extended families dominated in rural areas. It was absolutely impossible for children to leave their elderly parents alone, and usually it was the youngest son’s duty to look after them. There was also one more type of household. It consisted not only of several generations but also families of brothers, brothers-in-law and nephews (and even strangers who were adopted as family members) living on one piece of land. They were better-off because there were more workers in such households. Each married man had his own house, but the land, animals, and equipment were owned by the whole family. Its members worked together to meet the needs of everyone in the family that may have had as many as fifty people united under the authority of the elder – the head of the family.

Historically, the family was male-dominated. The head organised the work of the men, while his wife took care of the women’s activities and instructed their daughters in how to run a household. The husband also controlled the finances and behaviour of the children and punished them when he considered necessary. He was respected by the others, and his rules and orders were obeyed without questioning them.

The work in the family was strictly divided between men and women. Men were considered breadwinners of the family. They worked in the field, built and repaired houses, provided firewood and never did what was considered to be women’s work like laying the table or cooking food. Women did all household chores, worked in the kitchen garden and helped in the field. Children were also the responsibility of women: girls until they were married and boys until age 14 after which they started working under the head of the family.

a) the person who earns the money to support their family;

b) a marriage ceremony;

c) to do what you are told to do;

d) a family group that includes not only parents and their children but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.;

e) a house and people who live there regarded as a unit;

f) two people who are married or involved in a romantic relationship with each other;

g) to legally end a marriage or the legal ending of a marriage;

h) a family unit consisting of two parents and their children.

Упражнение 2, страница 14

А. Вы собираетесь прочитать статью о белорусских семьях в 19 веке. Какие из приведенных ниже пунктов, по вашему мнению, она будет описывать?

1. How new families were formed (Как образовывались новые семьи);

2. the age to get married (возраст, в котором можно жениться);

3. wedding traditions (свадебные традиции);

4. valuable qualities (ценные качества);

5. types of families (типы семей);

6. the size of the family (размер семьи);

7. men’s and women’s duties (обязанности мужчин и женщин);

8. relations between children and parents (отношения между детьми и родителями);

9. family budget (семейный бюджет).

Ответ:

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

b. Прочитайте статью и проверьте свои идеи.

In the 19th century, more than 80% of Belarusian families lived in rural areas. Traditionally, marriage was a matter of love between two young people, but custom also required the agreement of the families involved. Families didn't hurry to marry off their sons. They tried first to build their son a house and save up a certain sum of money before he could afford to marry. If there were several daughters in the family, the younger daughter couldn't marry before the elder one. Daughters enjoyed considerable freedom and had many opportunities to meet young men. Several times a year there were public gatherings in a larger village or town. The young couple usually had to live with the husband's family. The most important qualities of a woman were her ability to be a good field worker and a housekeeper. Personal beauty and wealth were of secondary importance. To provide for the woman and family, the man had to be a skillful and hard worker himself. Autumn and spring were the most popular time for weddings that were celebrated in both houses and expenses were shared. People rarely divorced at that time: according to statistics, there were only 7 divorces per 10,000 marriages.
В XIX веке более 80% белорусских семей жили в сельской местности. Традиционно брак заключался по любви между двумя молодыми людьми, но обычай также требовал согласия семей. Семьи не спешили женить сыновей. Сначала они старались построить сыну дом и накопить определенную сумму денег, прежде чем он сможет позволить себе жениться. Если в семье было несколько дочерей, младшая дочь не могла выйти замуж раньше старшей. Дочери пользовались значительной свободой и имели много возможностей познакомиться с молодыми людьми. Несколько раз в год в большой деревне или городе проводились общественные собрания. Молодая пара обычно должна была жить с семьей мужа. Самыми важными качествами женщины были ее способность быть хорошей полевой работницей и хозяйкой. Личная красота и богатство имели второстепенное значение. Чтобы обеспечить женщину и семью, мужчина сам должен был быть умелым и трудолюбивым работником. Осень и весна были самым популярным временем для свадеб, которые праздновались в обоих домах, и расходы делились. В то время разводились редко: по статистике, на 10 000 браков приходилось всего 7 разводов.

In the middle of the 19th century, families consisting of 6–10 people made up the majority. Nuclear families were more characteristic of urban population, while extended families dominated in rural areas. It was absolutely impossible for children to leave their elderly parents alone, and usually it was the youngest son’s duty to look after them. There was also one more type of household. It consisted not only of several generations but also families of brothers, brothers-in-law and nephews (and even strangers who were adopted as family members) living on one piece of land. They were better-off because there were more workers in such households. Each married man had his own house, but the land, animals, and equipment were owned by the whole family. Its members worked together to meet the needs of everyone in the family that may have had as many as fifty people united under the authority of the elder – the head of the family.
В середине XIX века семьи, состоящие из 6–10 человек, составляли большинство. Нуклеарные семьи были более характерны для городского населения, тогда как расширенные семьи преобладали в сельской местности. Детям было совершенно невозможно оставить своих пожилых родителей одних, и обычно заботиться о них приходилось младшему сыну. Был еще один тип домохозяйства. Оно состояло не только из нескольких поколений, но и из семей братьев, зятьев и племянников (и даже незнакомцев, которых принимали в качестве членов семьи), живущих на одном участке земли. Они были более обеспечены, потому что в таких домохозяйствах было больше работников. У каждого женатого мужчины был свой дом, но земля, животные и оборудование принадлежали всей семье. Все члены работали вместе, чтобы удовлетворить потребности всех членов семьи, которая могла насчитывать до пятидесяти человек, объединенных под началом старшего – главы семьи.

Historically, the family was male-dominated. The head organised the work of the men, while his wife took care of the women’s activities and instructed their daughters in how to run a household. The husband also controlled the finances and behaviour of the children and punished them when he considered necessary. He was respected by the others, and his rules and orders were obeyed without questioning them.
Исторически в семье доминировали мужчины. Глава организовывал работу мужчин, в то время как его жена заботилась о деятельности женщин и обучала их дочерей, как вести хозяйство. Муж также контролировал финансы и поведение детей и наказывал их, когда считал нужным. Его уважали остальные, и его правила и приказы соблюдались без вопросов.

The work in the family was strictly divided between men and women. Men were considered breadwinners of the family. They worked in the field, built and repaired houses, provided firewood and never did what was considered to be women’s work like laying the table or cooking food. Women did all household chores, worked in the kitchen garden and helped in the field. Children were also the responsibility of women: girls until they were married and boys until age 14 after which they started working under the head of the family.
Работа в семье была строго разделена между мужчинами и женщинами. Мужчины считались кормильцами семьи. Они работали в поле, строили и ремонтировали дома, заготавливали дрова и никогда не делали то, что считалось женской работой, например, накрывали на стол или готовили еду. Женщины выполняли все домашние дела, работали в огороде и помогали в поле. Дети также были обязанностью женщин: девочки до замужества и мальчики до 14 лет, после чего они начинали работать под началом главы семьи.

с. Сопоставьте определения со словами, выделенными жирным шрифтом в упр. 2b.

Ответ:

a) a person who earns the money to support their family (человек, который зарабатывает деньги, чтобы содержать свою семью) – breadwinner (кормилец);

b) a marriage ceremony (церемония бракосочетания) – wedding (свадьба);

c) to do what you are told to do (делать то, что вам говорят делать) – obey (подчиняться);

d) a family group that includes not only parents and their children but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. (семейная группа, в которую входят не только родители и их дети, но и бабушки и дедушки, тети, дяди и т. д.) – extended family (расширенная семья);

e) a house and people who live there regarded as a unit (дом и люди, которые в нем живут, рассматриваются как единое целое) – household (домашнее хозяйство);

f) two people who are married or involved in a romantic relationship with each other (два человека, состоящие в браке или состоящие в романтических отношениях друг с другом) – couple (пара);

g) to legally end a marriage or the legal ending of a marriage (юридически расторгнуть брак или законное прекращение брака) – divorced, divorces (развелись, разводы);

h) a family unit consisting of two parents and their children (семейная единица, состоящая из двух родителей и их ребенка) – nuclear family (нуклеарная семья).

c. Сопоставьте определения со словами, выделенными жирным шрифтом в упр. 2b.

Ответ:

breadwinners - a)

weddings - b)

obeyed - c)

extended family - d)

household - e)

couple - f)

divorced - g)

nuclear family - h)

Перевод:

кормильцы - a)

свадьбы - b)

подчинялись - c)

расширенная семья - d)

домашнее хозяйство - e)

пара - f)

разводиться - g)

нуклеарная семья - h)